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American Wars Series: War of 1812, Mexican War, Spanish-American War, Korean War
Failure to communicate. The conflict between France & England spills over to interference with American ships for a number of years. What is the apparent irony that leads America to declare war on England in 1812?. (6.20.00) = Expansionism. What are the reasons America goes to war with England beyond token issue of "the freedom of the seas?" (7.39.00) = Invitation to disaster. What are the military aspects to this war which is an unmitigated disaster for America which has no standing army? (10.13.00) War of 1812. Failure to remember. What is the irony that the battle of New Orleans is fought after a peace treaty is signed, resulting in a major American military victory? Why does this allow America to forget the major lessons of the war to its later detriment? Independent nation of Texas. How does territory which is northern Mexico become the independent nation of Texas controlled by Southern slaveholders after a war with Mexico in 1836? (2.59.00) = Annexation controversy. What is the controversy behind the Annexation Issue of Texas in 1845? (4.35.00) = Mexican War Provoked. How does President Polk provoke the Mexican War over the boundary between Texas and Mexico?. (6.35.00) = What the War Was All About. The Mexican War is an ugly, dirty war whose outcome was never in doubt and America is victorious in 1848. America gains the entire Southwest including California, revealing what the war ultimately was all about. Mexico loses 1/3 of its territory. (9.52.00) = The Echo in the Civil War. The surprising extent of some American notions of expansionism in the mid-1800s, and also the implications for the Civil War not far in the future. Behind the ultimatum. Paradox of America's ultimatum to Spain during the Cuban revolt in the late 1880s actually supports America's business interests. (6.27.00) = Why the war starts. . Factors behind American public mindset, including Hearst's "yellow journalism" and the blowing up of American battleship, Maine, leads to Spanish-American War of 1898. (12.23.00) = American Empire begins. End of brief "Splendid Little War," with Teddy Roosevelt a self-made hero, is the beginning of the American Empire, providing naval fueling stations across the Pacific. Evidence of the connection between economics and politics (16.40.00) = Philippines guerilla war. America takes the Philippine Islands from Spain, the gateway to Asia and China, and responds brutally to a 2-year guerilla war by the native population, including the creation of concentration camps. (20.20.003) = Who rules Cuba? The Teller Amendment declares Cuba independent, but then the Platt Amendment gives the U.S. the right to control its economy if it deems necessary, a foreign policy extended to Latin America throughout the 20th century. The racial issue concerning blacks in Cuba. Korea Splits. As Korea is liberated from Japan in 1945 at the end of WW II, Russian troop enter from the north, American troops from the south, dividing the country at the 38th parallel. (3.17.00) =North Korea Captures Most of South Korea. Border is hotspot for 5 years. In June 1950 North Korea crosses the border once again. It keeps going when surprisingly the South Korean army falls back, and wins control of most of South Korea (4.49.00) = Gen MacArthur invades and pushes the North Koreans back to the 38th parallel. Korea not seen as militarily critical in the Cold War, but heightened tensions between U.S. and Russia and the "Red Scare" lead to American military intervention. (7.57.00) = Invasion controversy. Evidence that Russia was not behind it as a broader communist conspiracy. More likely a civil war. (12.55.00) = Pres. Truman, not Gen. MacArthur decides to push north. Although war could have ended now as a draw, it is continued for reasons more political than military. (15.25.00) = Chinese military intervention. China warns of her intention to intervene as U.S. troops get closer to the Yalu River at China border, but this is discounted by the Truman administration and by Gen. MacArthur, leading to a disastrous U.S. defeat and retreat back to the 38th parallel in 1951. (19.29.00 = The Truce. Pres.Truman fires Gen. MacArthur for insubordination and he "fades away." The war could have ended then as a stalemate, but continues for another 2 years as a brutal struggle with high casualties on both sides, until Dwight Eisenhower is elected president in 1952 and ends the war. (23.19.00) = The Forgotten War. The Korean War is often marginalized compared to other major wars, yet America lost 50,000 men killed and should not be forgotten.
Eugene Lieber (Author), Eugene Lieber (Narrator)
Audiobook
Minorities in America Series: Native Americans
Origins in North America. First Indians believed to cross over the Bering Strait land mass from Siberia about 12 million years ago. Some adapt to climate and terrain all the way to the tip of South America. (6.02.00) = The Incan Empire. No written language. No use of metal tools. 14,000 miles of roads built. How and why they are destroyed by Pissaro (13.46.00) = The Mayan Empire. It thrives, declines before the Spaniards come. Written language. Urban civilization. Why Mayan pyramids are independent from Egyptian pyramids. Why the Mayans decline. (19.46.00) = Patterns of Indentations. The genius of a people who can use ground perspective to imagine how something should appear from the sky. (22.37.00) = Indian Architecture. In Colorado, southwest U.S. cliff dwellers carve multi-story dwellings, protected by cliff overhangs. (26.09.00) = Impact of the English. Before the English Come women have high status. Religion of animism. Oral tradition. Hollywood myths. . (32.37.00 = After the English. The English exploit generous Indian nature to seize land. The English view Indians as inferior. Why killing or converting Indians to Christianity are equal choices for the English. Resistance of Indians. Quakers make a difference but the story ends badly for the Indians anyway. (44.53.00) = Decline of Indians. Destruction of Indians by disease is especially cruel when it is intentional. Why the Supreme Court decision in favor of Cherokees ends in the “Trail of Tears (1.01.30.00 = IndianResponses & Myths. The varying approaches by tribes to the English push west. The myths of scalping, captive white women, and Custer's Last Stand. (1.08.25.00) = Native Americans' Fate. Choices are isolation on their reservation or assimilation. Abysmal life on the reservation but they can preserve their culture. Difficulties assimilating in the general society (1.13.43.00) = Resurgence of Ethnic Pride.in the 1960s and revival of traditions and values, paralleling civil rights movements by African-Americans and women. Recent efforts to enforce treaties will take many years to resolve
Eugene Lieber (Author), Eugene Lieber (Narrator)
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Minorities in America Series: Aftrican-Americans: The Slave Trade
Ancient West Africa. Powerful ancient civilizations. Some are Muslim. Timbuktu is the university city. Expertise in metallurgy. European need for labor. American Indians resist slavery in colonial times. Slavery already exists in Africa but in less harsh forms. (6.04.00) = West African slave trade. Why the slave trade? Why West Africa? Europe slave trade dominated by England, starting in early 1500s. English agents make deals with West African tribal chieftains to trade goods, sometimes guns, for slaves. The chiefs accepted, partly out of greed, but mostly to secure guns so as not to be at a serious disadvantage with rival tribes who obtain English guns. (10.28.00) = Impact . Devastating long-term impact on West Africa. Transporting the slaves. The impact on the slaves and on the sailors. Previously stable tribal society becomes unstable, chaotic. Over the 300 year period, the search for slaves extends deeper inland. Slaves are transported on English ships whose owners reap great profits (13.33.00) = The Middle Passage. The journey across the Atlantic Ocean is a horror story. "Loose padding" and "tight padding" refers to the packing of slaves on the ships. Greatly distressing daily routine for the slaves during the voyage. Severe impact on slaves and crew. Extreme confinement and lack of ventilation. Voyages range from 3 weeks to 3 months. (20.20.00) = Armistead Mutiny. The slaves seize the ship which lands on Long Island, is eventually returned to its Spanish owner, but slaves are freed. Mutinies are rare, little opportunity. Role of disease. (23.16.00) = Impact on crews. Sailors are often impressed against their will. They are harshly treated, including poor food, during the voyage, experience higher death rate than slave. (25.02.00) = Completed voyage. Slaves are auctioned in West Indies, then onto plantations in the American South, and put to work. The ship's crew may be partially ditched, without pay, for return voyage because less crew is needed for cargo of consumer materials. Sailors are treated abominabl (27.39.00) = End of the SlaveTrade; Continuation of Slavery. England and America abolish the slave trade in early 1800s. Reason is only partially because of its immorality, but mainly economic. It is the beginning of the industrial revolution. Industrial wealth is greater than agricultural wealth. It is more lucrative to invest in factories. The slave trade continues illegally, where conditions worsen. Limited enforcement of ban. Slave trade ends only when the American South loses the Civil War in 1865. (35.09.00) = Impact on West Africa. . The 300 year slave trade wreaks chaos and enormous deaths, estimated at 50 million, with devastating impact on reproduction. West Africa never recovers. In 1870 modern European imperialism begins, taking over various parts of Africa as colonies, with great destruction of land and its people.
Eugene Lieber (Author), Eugene Lieber (Narrator)
Audiobook
Minorities in America Series: Aftrican-Americans: Slavery in America
Slavery and the South. Why the South's view of slavery evolves from "necessary evil" to "the positive good." The impact of technology. (6.56.00) = American independence and abolition. The failure of the Constitution to end slavery. (12.57.00) = Slave Life. The role of Christianity. The role of black preachers. Interaction between whites and blacks. The extended black family and the slave community. The role of black preachers. Interaction between whites and blacks. The extended black family and the slave community. (42.12.00) = Slave resistance. Inability to blend in a sea of white limits resistance: Leverage from other forms of resistance. Precarious life of the free black in the South. The restrictions and racism facing the free black in the North. (1.06.45.00) = Abolitionist Movement. Mainly a deeply felt moral issue. Role of Quakers. The Underground Railroad. Sweeping victory for slavery in the 1850's of the Dred Scott Decision. Birth of the Republican Party in 1854 and Lincoln's election (1.14.40.00) = The Civil War. It is ultimately about slavery, with economic, moral, and political aspects. For the South, it is to preserve their way of life. (1.18.24.00) = Enigma of Emancipation Proclamation. It frees slaves in states it has no control over but not in states it does control. A quarter million blacks serve in the Union Army by war's end, make great sacrifices.
Eugene Lieber (Author), Eugene Lieber (Narrator)
Audiobook
Minorities in America Series: African-Americans: Post-Slavery Era
Post-Civil War Era. Reconstruction. What to do with freed slaves who are 97% illiterate? Mixture of Northern motives: revenge, political, economic, and moral. Alliance between ex-slaves and poor whites after given land. Compromise of 1877 ends Reconstruction and Union troops withdraw, coloring South's history since. (14.56.00) = Re-emergence of the Master Class. The rise of sharecropping, in some ways is worse than slavery. The myth of the South's "Gone With The Wind" perception of itself as victim. (20.26.00) = The One Party South. In the 1896 election the Populist Party decides to support the losing candidate. This leads to the Populist Party collapse and ultimate demise. Now the upper class whites are in control of the Democratic Party and no longer need to curry favor with the blacks (29.34.00) = Jim Crow Era. Racial segregation takes hold. Plessy versus Topeka Board of Education Supreme Court decision allows education to be separate but equal. Every conceivable institution is sharply segregated. Lynching is wide spread. State and local governments are compliant. The federal government does nothing. (35.43.00) = Early 20th Century. The Progressive Era. reforms totally neglected race. The racism of Teddy Roosevelt. President Wilson segregates D.C. civil service. Racial stereotypes in Hollywood films such as "Birth of a Nation" (3813.00) = Black CommunityDebates Over Role of Blacks. Booker T. Washington, an ex-slave, advocates blacks to learn a trade to make a living. W.E.B. DuBois, a Nornerner and academic scholar, a founder of NAACP, advocates blacks to strive for equally through education and political action. (41.37.00) = Jack Johnson. A flamboyant black who dates white women is outrageous to whites, is a hero to blacks. (46.43.00) = WWI. Blacks in the army are segregated, but experience non-racist treatment by the French, which is resented by white soldiers. After the war, black veterans seek greater equality, are disappointed. (47.57.00) = 1920s. Harlem Renaissance. Black Nationalism. KKK revival. (52.28.00) = 1930s. The Great Depression. Blacks in the army are segregated, but experience non-racist treatment by the French, which is resented by white soldiers. After the war, black veterans seek greater equality, are disappointed. Eleanor Roosevelt. Marian Anderson is blocked by Daughters of the Revolution from singing in D.C. Eleanor Roosevelt sponsors and attends her concert at the Washington Monument. She supports the skills of Tuskegee black pilots during WWII by insisting they pilot her. (1.05.46.00) = WWII ends the Great Depression. Great need for labor for war production becomes golden opportunity for blacks (and women). Blacks meet the challenge of equal opportunity. They resist giving up jobs to returning white veterans. This is birth of modern civil rights movement. (109.29.000) = Sports. Joe Louis. Boxer knocked out by German Max Schmeling, hero to Nazis. On rematch, he KOs Schmeling in 1st round, is hero to blacks and whites in America. Jackie Robinson. Sports are segregated. Robinson in separate Negro baseball league. Brooklyn Dodger owner, Branch Rickey, chooses Robinson as first black in white major league. (1.17.16.19) = Cold War Era. Paul Robeson. Earns law degree, does acting. His singing voice is unforgettable and brings great fame to him from around the world. He is associated with Communist Party, and is a supporter of Russia. Very outspoken, he is ostracized by the U.S. as a subversive.
Eugene Lieber (Author), Eugene Lieber (Narrator)
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Minorities in America Series: Women in America: Colonial Period Through the Civl War
Women Before Europeans Arrived. Women have high status in matriarchal native American society. From gathering they invent agriculture, dominate farming while men hunt. Religion is animism, worship of nature, adding to women's stature as bearer of children. (5.52.00) = Native American Women. The introduction of the horse by Europeans reverses by resulting in more sophisticated hunting. Women's status deteriorates. European men see women as second class citizens. Enormous loss of Native American life from disease from Europeans, sometimes deliberate. (1036.00) = English Women Here Die Early here die early from multiple pregnancies. Farm women have endless chores. Rights of women: women can inherit but husbands own everything. Unmarried women are seen as whores. The frontier is more liberal for women. Politically, women have no rights. Most occupations closed to them. Women are subordinate to men. They are labeled as unclean during their menstrual cycle, in contrast to tribal society. Women are either placed on a pedestal or seen as a whore, unrealistic extremes. Unequal penalties for extra-marital affairs. There are classes for white women in rural South. Lower class women must wear heavy garments from head to toe, adding to distress of heavy labor on the farm. Mid-upper class women wear clothers to create men's ideal of the hour-glass figure, creating disfigurement. (22.15.00) = Women in the Revolutionary War Period. Women have important and dynamic roles. The Stamp Act boycott. War roles include logistic support, spying, smuggling under clothes. Still there is the full farm burden. Women adequately manage the farm labor as well as the business side. Abigail Adams is an icon of frustration of able women thwarted. (33.40.00) = After the Revolutionary War. Late 1700s into 1800 family and economic changes. Decline in women's status. Women remain on the farm unpaid, while men earn in towns, cities. Incentive for women's literacy is increased so they can nurture children in values of the republic. In the 1800's teaching and secretary work open to women. (37.15.00) = Women and the role of religion. The Great Awakenikng. Religious revivals in the 17 & 1800s to get back to the core of religion in individual lives. Has evangelical quality, greater emotional content. Leadership by some women, giving them access to power. Generally allowed by men who lead traditional religious forms because they see women as inferior, emotional and irrational compared to the rational natures of men. (40.32.00) = Slavery and Plantation Life. Experiences of slave women. Slave marriages formed by stepping over a broom, ended by stepping back. Family life exists in this form, with the benefits of the extended family. The surprising role of the Mammy on the plantation. The constant tension and terror from plantation masters. Dangers and tension continue. (49.02.00) = 19th Century: Some occupations open to women including elementary school teaching, later secondary school. Status of education declines when women dominate. Clerical and secretary work also decline in status as they become more open to women. The Lowell Mills, a strange phenomenon in early industrial America. Single women start at the mills at age 15 until the age 30, work long hours with low pay, living in sheltered conditions. (54.04.00) = The Start of the Women's Movement in Seneca Falls, NY, in 1848. Susan B. Anthony gives up marriage and children to devote herself to this cause. Elizabeth Cady Stanton is the thinker, the philosopher of the movement (1.05.29.00) = Notable Women In ColonialTimes. Ann Hutchinson promoted the Protestant ideal of 1-on-1 relationship with God, was expelled from community partly because being a woman is a negative factor. Anne Bradstreet writes poetry, offsets stereotype of dry, rigid women. Abigail Adams expresses frustration with lack of opportunity for outlet of abilities. In the mid-19th century: The stock figure of the invalid wife in literature. This is a way of avoiding unwanted sex with her husband when expected to always submit. There are also strong women portrayed in literature. There are the breakthrough women. End of the Civil War: Ex-slave women now are free to seek lost family member across the South, make a life for themselves, managing work and family care. The image of the Southern belle is fading as industrialization emerges with its effect on women. (1.08.28.00) = Abolitionist Movement. The negative view of upper class women involved sees them as dilettantes, causing more harm than good, actually prolonging slavery. The positive view is that they keep the issue alive. The Grimsby sisters associate the end of slavery with women's rights. Harriet Tubman and the underground railroad assisting escaped slaves. Sojourner Truth believes that the slave cause and women's rights are embedded in the same values.
Eugene Lieber (Author), Eugene Lieber (Narrator)
Audiobook
Minorities in America Series: Women in America: Early Industrial Era Through Women's Suffrage
Expanded role of women. End of the Civil War sets the stage for 19th century industrialization. Need for factory labor force. New immigrants from east and south Europe include low skilled Catholics and Jews. In Italian families women kept at home but may do piece work at home. Jewish women go out in the workforce in the needle trades but work under abominable conditions. The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire is a tragic example. Immigration dominated by men, have negative attitude toward women in the workforce. Unions. Women become active in unions, and rise from the ranks. New occupations open to women including clerical work and sales in department stores, secretarial work. Upper class women remain at home, may be better educated, form their own social organizations. Black women work as domestics. (10.31.00) = Birth control and the issue of women's control of their bodies in the early 20t century. Upper class women decrease number of their children to four Margaret Singer's role in promoting birth control. There is also a dark side to this because of attitude of wanting to limit children of lower class women who are considered inferior. The Eugenics Movement. (14.21.00) = Women's Voting Rights. The states' rights approach. Some states allow women to vote in state and local elections, state by state, west of the Mississippi. Women's Rights Amendment to the constitution passes after President Wilson's wife prods him to support it. Following this, the alliance between classes and racial groups supporting women's rights breaks down. (2111.00) = African-American Women are the heroic family wage earners doing domestic work for white families and double duty caring for their own family. Black men remain largely unemployed in face of discrimination. (23.44.00) = Farm Women live a very difficult and lonely life. They lack education and are unable to improve their lives. (28.55.00) = Religion. The official churches are run by men. Long history of religious revival movements to return to core values. The Great Awakening. These movements have greater emotional content. Some women take leadership roles, an access to a kind of power. Men accept the inferiority of women who are believed to be emotional and irrational, unlike themselves (31.56.00) = Impact oSlavery on Women. While social attitudes hold that their women have no sexual urge, exist just for procreation. Slave masters often force sex on slave women as an outlet for their own sex urges, with no social stigma. White women find black men to satisfy their own sexual urges, placing both in danger. Slave marriages performed by jumping over a broom, and are respected as monogamous. (40.13.00) = 19th Century. Some Occuptions Open, including elementary school teaching, later secondary school. Status of education declines when women dominate. Clerical and secretary work also decline in status. (44.59.00) = Issues of the Women's Rights Movement. Divorce, its access, who will have the children in divorce. Contracts, citizens rights, the right to vote. Some issues are highly controversial and are not opened publically. This includes abortion, and infanticide by usually desperate women in poverty. Number one issue is the right to vote. Ideals of the Constitution are invoked, women not to be excluded. Another argument is that it will result in better political action. After the Civil War the 15th Amendment is passed which gives black males the right to vote but excludes all women. This is a devastating disappointment for the Woman's Rights Movement. Often anger is directed to black males. Women remain excluded from the right to vote for many decades. (47.38.00) = The Temperance Movement. Record of failure in American history, including Prohibition in the 1920s. Negative image of women in temperance movement marching down the street smashing liquor bottles. The meaning for women is the family dire circumstances from the man's drinking his wages, or drinking and abusing his wife.
Eugene Lieber (Author), Eugene Lieber (Narrator)
Audiobook
Minorities in America Series: Women in America: Women's Rights in the Modern Era
The early 20th century. The Flapper originated before the 1920s. She is a working girl who wants to have fun at night after work. Gibson Girl is a tall, educated professional, personified by Katherine Hepburn. Women in Mexican families who have immigrated to the southwest U.S., and traditionally under control of their husbands, now become more independent, gain more control over their own lives. (4.07.00) = The Great Depression. Prior to the Stock Market crash of 1929, 2/3 of Americans live in poverty. There is a great deal of suffering. Rise of shanty towns. Women are somewhat more able to find employment, a source of great humiliation for their men. (9.46.00) = Eleanor Roosevelt. is role model for women, pushes for reforms, especially for the poor and against racial discrimination. The Daughters of the Revolution, which owned Constitution Hall in D.C. refused to allow Marian Anderson, a black singer, to perform there. Mrs. Roosevelt countered by organizing her concert at the open air mall, which was a rousing success. She also brushed aside air force discrimination against black aviators, the Tuskegee Airmen and had them pilot her. There was much social gain for women during this period (13.45.00) = Origin of Modern Women's Movement. World War II is significant turning point. Need for logistical support for military. Labor shortage and booming factory jobs. Women resist returning to old ways when war is over. (23.47.00) = Conformity of the 1950's and the Cold War. Women as passive helpmates, supported by media images. Men lead the 1960s civil rights movement, but women like Rosa Parks have crucial roles. The youth and black power movements often continue to denigrate women. (39.42.00) = 1960s-1970s Women's Rights Movement. Impact of the book, "Feminine Mystique," by Betty Freidan. Consciousness-raising is empowering. The role of one book, "Our Bodies, Ourselves." Awareness of women attracted to other women. Reasons for Increased divorce. Increased political activism. Opportunity for equality in occupations. (51.31.00) = Backlash. Movement resisted by trivializing and ridiculing it. Women who want the status quo oppose Equal Rights Amendment. Roe versus Wade: Women's control over their own bodies. .Impact on men who can show more feelings and become more whole persons. U.S. gains are favorable compared to other countries, but the need for ongoing change.
Eugene Lieber (Author), Eugene Lieber (Narrator)
Audiobook
Regions of the U.S. Series: Northeast
Pre-Industrial Era. Native Americans. Climate and lay of the land determine life style of agriculture, hunting, and fur trapping. The Iroquois Nation is a confederation of tribes governed by the concept of separation of powers with checks and balances. (2.3706) = The Puritans are the first Europeans to arrive, form the Massachusetts Bay Colony, aim to create a perfect colony, but they become more secularized and evolve a strong work ethic (8.45.00) = The Quakers settle in Pennsylvania, are cordial to the Indians, but are replaced by non-Quakers who drive out the Indians in quest for land. (11.08.00 = Agriculture is the economics of the Northeast. The dominant family farm has no need for slave labor. Southern raw materials go to England's industry and not to the North. (13.5700) = Urban life: Boston, NY, Philadelphia. Lower class urbanized workers are called mechanics. Upper class composed of merchants, traders (15.37.00) = Independence. A period of neglect of the American colony by England while fighting wars on the continent. England looks to the colonies to help pay its large war debt. The Boston merchant class resist the taxes (16.57.00) = Boston Massacre. Talk of independence starts after the Boston Massacre, the Stamp Act, and the Battle of Lexington in 1775. (24.17.00) = The Declaration of Independence in 1776. An attempt to abolish slavery is defeated by delegates. (25.33.00) = Economic Motivation. .The Merchant Class wants freer hand like the period of neglect by England, and also wants to rule the country. Selfish economic motives are combined by belief in freedom and independence. (30.05.00 = The Revolution. Only a minority favors revolution. Harsh conditions and a brutal guerilla war. Tensions between the upper class officers and the lower class farmers. Victory against all odds. (32.34.00) = Articles of Confederation. The lower classes have more say with states' rights and a weak federal government, but there is the problem of fragmentation. (34.26.00) = The Constitution of 1787. Strong federal government, states lose some power. (37.29.00) = Economics. The Dominance of Agriculture. The merchant class gains power. The increased use of water power to run mills modeled after England. Alexander Hamilton is prime mover, opposed by Thomas Jefferson who champions rural life.. (43.44.00) = The 19th Century. Transportation Revolution. The canal system, especially the Erie Canal, and later the railroads are mainly financed by the state and federal government counter to laissez faire. This is a boon to Northeast manufacturing, and New York City becomes the commercial capital of the country. (50.00.00) = Slavery. Economics Evolve. Slavery is less feasible in the North and fades with dependence on wage labor, but there is often slave trading. There is also moral revulsion to slavery, leading to the abolitionist movement. (53.20.01) = Religion. The North moves away from religion and becomes more materialistic, but there are revival movements emphasizing the one-on-one relation with God. (55.23.00) = Banking. Hamilton establishes the National Bank in the 1790s which is conservative, has strict rules and serves the old business class. President Andrew Jackson kills the bank, leading to a short term economic depression, but new banking policies are more open to small business and lead to the long term expansion of the U.S. economy. The 19th Century (continued). The Civil War. Sectional Crisis. South's society is based on slavery, holds back capitalist development. North society is a combination of manufacturing and agriculture, mainly family farms and later homestead farming. South's cotton goes to England instead of Northern textile mills. Conflict is between modernity and backward economy. (4.10.00) = The Republican Party. forms in the 1850s, supports Northern industrialists, rejects slavery. It elects Abraham Lincoln in1860, followed by secession and the Civil War. (9.50.00 = The Civil War. The North has many advantages and some disadvantages. Gettysburg is the turning point in a brutal war of attrition. There is a bitter class divide which sparks the July 1863 draft riots by Irish immigrants who are despised by people already here, and who also compete with free blacks for jobs. The North prevails in April 1865. (16.10.00) = Implications for the nation. Slavery is ended. Economy of the nation now reflects Northern values. Cotton comes to the North, not to England. Federal government is now strong economically, politically and judicially. (19.13.00) = Northern Economy. War inventions aid Northern industry. The role of the mill town. Inland cities are located on rivers. Industrial cities are expanded. (23.47.00) = The New Immigration. from 1880s for the next 40 years is from south and east Europe and goes to the cities creating instant slums. Atrocious, boring, dangerous working conditions including child labor. Workers respond with hopelessness or aspiring hopes. Resistance and a union movement develop. Federal troops, freed from Reconstruction duty in the South, are used to break strikes. (28.39.00) = The 20th Century. Industrialization. Labor Strife. Since the late 19th century into the 20th there is a pattern of labor strife where strikers are battled by private armies of the companies. The media controlled by the industrial giants use the violence to turn public opinion against the strikers, and the military is called out by the governor and the strikers are crushed. (35.31.00) = The Role of the Northeast is Crucial for U.S. industrialization, resulting in problems in working and living conditions. There is strong migration from South and East Europe to the cities, from the countryside to the cities. (36.53.00) = The Blacks. There is a massive migration of blacks to the North, away from the poverty of the sharecropping system in the South, away from the Jim Crow era of total segregation. Segregation is seen in the North in the form of ghettos and by the hostility of whites in competition for jobs and other forms of racism. Yet the 1920s see opening potentials in music, literature and other forms of intellectuality, with New York City the epicenter of changes (44.12.00) = The Depression 30s. The prosperous 20s lead to major growth of corporations, excess profits, and risky ventures. Massive layoffs in Northeast cities and great national suffering. (47.54.00) = The Depression Ends with the Coming of World War II creating full employment. After victory there is pent-up demand for goods and continued prosperity with the onset of the Cold War. The growth of suburbia. (53.24.00) = The Decline of the Northeast. The 1950s see white flight from the cities. The decline of Newark, N.J. precedes the riots there of 1967. Industry's answer to the unions' successes in the 1930s is to leave for non-union areas in the South and Southwest. With the tax base and employment leaving, the North's hold on the economy diminishes. (55.27.00) = Hostility to the Northeast is based on immigration ethnicities, the role of banks, and anti-Semitism against Jews from East Europe. (1.01.27.00) = The Post-Industrial Era. Social, Economic, and Cultural Changes. The emergence of TV in the 1950s with studios in NYC. The integration of baseball with Jackie Robinson. The closing of factories with factory work no longer open to the following generations. The Northeast rust belt. Old industrial cities need ability to adjust, promote service industries in the computer age. Political power of the Northeast changes.
Eugene Lieber (Author), Eugene Lieber (Narrator)
Audiobook
Regions of the U.S. Series: South
Early Settlers. The region is settled by the Indians 1,000 years before European settlers arrive. The climate and terrain are greatly different from the Northeast. Indian tribes are of a range of natures, and generally are thriving. (1.28.008) = The Europeans arrive in 1607, settle Virginia, push for land, and eventually are resisted by the Indians. Charters are granted to the Southern colonies. Maryland is a safe haven for Catholics. Georgia is a safe haven for ex-convicts. (4.23.00) = Indentured Servants. Blacks arrive in Jamestown in 1619 from West Africa or England as indentured servants who are free to farm their own land after obligations are satisfied. Chattel labor comes later. The desire for land in the colonies is unlimited. The minority elite whites fear an alliance of white and black indentured servants, and eventually drive a wedge between them by passing laws to differentiate them, until the onset of slavery. (9.26.00) = White Master Class mythology. They develop their own mythology of their origins from upper class English gentry, not from their actual poor beginnings. The lower class whites adapt this same mythology although there is little prospect for their improvement. (11.56.00) = Slavery. Why the South and not the North? Slavery in the South. This is not because of moral issues, but rather the climate and lay of the land. In the North the climate is harsh, the terrain rocky, allows only for small farms where slave labor is impractical. The South's climate and terrain allow for year-around crops of tobacco, rice and indigo, and later, cotton. Slavery becomes crucial for the South. At first is is a "necessary evil." (13.47.00) = The American Revolution. The white Master Class in the South sees independence as a chance to renege on debts to English banks. Politically, this Master Class wants to rule when independent, although there is a belief in freedom stirred by the French Reformation. (17.01.00) = After the American Revolution. America adds land to the Mississippi River. In 1790 the Northwest Ordinance prohibits slavery in the Midwest but is allowed in the Southern territories. The Eli Whitney cotton gin invention changes the South's economy, making cotton king in the South. Now slavery is a "positive good." The white Master Class is intent on the way of life based on slavery in the face of all arguments. (26.50.00) = Slavery. Daily life and work of field slaves is harsh with limited variety of food, sparse clothing, but have some privacy at night. The house slaves dress well, eat leftovers from the master's table, have a higher status than the field slaves. Slaves have leverage in various ways. The Underground Railroad has its limits because escaped blacks cannot blend in with the population as they can in Brazil. (37.27.00) = Religion. At first Christianity is seen as too good for the blacks who bring with them their religion from West Africa. Later, at the beginning of the 19th century, there are increasing conversions to Christianity. Sermons urge acceptance of slavery and control by the Master Class. The plantation slave preacher becomes a leader of revolt at night. Slaves adapt a form of resistance by seeing Moses, who led the slaves out of bondage, as their hero. Protestants condemn slaves to hell as unredeemable. Religion in Brazil sees slaves as human, redeemable. (42.16.00) = The Slave Family. Chattel cannot be family which exists only informally. Marriage by "stepping over the broom." The ever-present fear of separation, and powerless to protect each other. Harsh upbringing of slave children. (47.50.00) = Gender. White women on pedestal. Only men have sexual urges. Women may look elsewhere, seek out black men, with dangerous consequences. White men come to believe stereotypes about black men. (50.28.00) = Resistance. Slaves adapt a form of resistance by seeing Moses, who led the slaves out of bondage, as their hero. Resistance takes the form of breaking of tools, slowdowns, and other sabotage from field hands. The dependence of the white mistress on her nanny offers other indirect opportunities. (54.17.00) = Pre-Civil War Period. Politics are dominated by the South which wins the 3/5 clause value of slaves represented in electoral votes. Until the Civil War, presidents are either weak or overwhelmingly sympathetic to the South. The expansion of U.S. territory by President Polk after the Mexican War, and the Dred Scott decision by the Supreme Court that slaves are chattel and in effect opening all territory not states to slavery. (1.06.41.00) = Growing Sectionalism. The Fugitive Slave Act is a win for the South. The North wins California as a free state. The North is growing faster than the South and is more diversified. The South does not grow enough food for itself. (1.15.51) = The Election of 1860. Abraham Lincoln is elected, leads to the secession crisis and the Civil War. (1.18.01.00) = Was the Civil War Necessary? In economic terms slavery is a dying institution yet the ideological power of slavery on the Southern mind powers a way of life. Lincoln, a unionist, will not let the South secede. (1.25.06.03) = The North wins the war because of its advantages and the South's disadvantages. The North has banks to finance the war, transportation, factories, superior manpower, effective leadership, all lacking in the South. Because cotton is the major crop, the South has insufficient food for its population, ineffective leadership, lack of military unity because of ist doctrine of states' rights, its economy is based on the questionable loyalty of slave labor. In the beginning the South has better generals, is more of a gun culture, and has higher morale, all of which are insufficient in the balance. (1.37.25.25) = Emancipation Proclamation of April 1863 frees slaves in Confederate states where the North has no hold but does not free slaves in areas it does control. Not a single slave is freed, but it has military value because it allows escaped slaves to serve in the Union army. By the end of the war, 1/4 million blacks are under arms. Post-Civil War 19th Century. Reconstruction. Lasts for 7 years. President Lincoln allows the South's leaders back if they swear loyalty to the Union. After Lincoln's assassination, Andrew Johnson from Tennessee, an overt racist and inept politician, becomes President and follows Lincoln's plan of reconciliation. The Republican Congress have mixed motives: moral, political, economic, and thirst for revenge against the South. (6.27.00) = Fate of the Ex-Slaves. Plantation land is confiscated and divided up among ex-slaves and poor whites as independent small farms. Some temporary alliances between blacks and whites for economic reasons and to achieve education goals for their children. (10.21.00) = The 14th, 15th, and 16th Amendments. This establishes due process protection for all citizens, gives black males the vote (they are expected to vote for Republicans). Blacks enter into the political process and political office. Their record is similar to white political leadership who have political and economic motives mixed with moral ones. Ulysses Grant as President lacks the competence he had shown as military leader. (18.03.00) = The End of Reconstruction. The Compromise of 1877 ends Reconstruction, and federal troops, needed to break strikes in the North and to finish off the Indians in the West, are withdrawn from the South. (23.03.00) = Reemergence of the Master Class. The South promotes Reconstruction as exploitation by the North and the "Gone With The Wind" stereotype of Southern life. Instead, Reconstruction is a valiant experiment which failed because the North forsakes it. (27.29.00) = The Economy. Blacks and poor whites are now sharecroppers who borrow from landlords to lease their land, never to get out of debt and become virtual slaves doomed to perpetual poverty. (29.39.00) = The Populist Party collapses when the candidate it backs, William Jennings Bryan, looses to Republican William McKinley. (33.17.00) = Jim Crow Era. With the collapse of the Populist Party the upper class whites are in control of the one-party South and have no need to woo black voters. The Jim Crow era of segregation begins in 1896 with the Supreme Court decision that separate but equal is constitutional. Segregation becomes a fact in every aspect of life for blacks starting in the late 1890s. (38.39.00) = 20th Century-1st Half. A reign of terror for the blacks in the South continues well into the 20th century. The KKK revives in the1920s as a national phenomenon. The indifference of state government, federal government and the local authorities. Varied motivation for lynching, mutilation, torture of blacks often well planned as public spectacles. 20th Century-1st Half (continued). Depression of the 1930s.. New Deal aid to subsidize farmers, the Agricultural Allotment Act, favors large Southern landowners not the sharecroppers. Other New Deal agencies are a big help. The Tennessee Valley Authority provides flood control, hydroelectric power and jobs to thousands, revitalizing a hopeless area of the country. (4.56.00) = Post World War II Era. Attempts to organize the sharecroppers makes some headway during the Depression. The Taft-Hartley Act of the late 1940s rolls back some labor gains of the 1935 Wagner Act. Business looks to the South as a source of cheap labor. Companies find even cheaper sources of labor outside of the country. (9.22.00) = Birth of the Modern Civil Rights Movement. Jim Crow continues in the post-war era but the modern civil rights movement arises from the jobs that open for blacks and women from the need for labor during the war. Breaking away from sharecropping, blacks migrate from the rural South to the industrial North during the war. Truman integrates the armed services in 1947. (12.56.0) = The 20th Century
Eugene Lieber (Author), Eugene Lieber (Narrator)
Audiobook
Regions of the U.S. Series: Midwest
Early History Through the 18th Century. Plains Indians. Their ability to adapt to the climate and lay of the land in the midsection of the U.S. The buffalo is the center of their life. The white settlers see the area as the American desert where nothing can grow. They push the Indians into this desert expecting them to succumb but they do not. (3.59.00) = The Frontier. Attraction to settlers is land. The frontier is the limit of settlement, not the West per se. The push across the Appalachian Divide from the East following the American Revolution. Inhospitable land changes with the invention of the John Deere plow which breaks through the hard sod revealing incredibly rich soil. (7.35.00) = The 19th Century. Old Immigration. Immigration in the 1840s and 1850s is from North and West Europe who are attracted by cheap land. Germans settle in Cincinnati and Milwaukee, Swedes in Wisconsin. Farming is a hard, lonely life. (9.36.00) = Contact With the Indians is sometimes peaceful, becomes violent when Indians begin to resist the taking of their land. The army comes to fight the Indians. (10.31.00) = The Midwest Becomes the Nation's Feeder. The Mississippi is the South's link to its food. The building of the Erie Canal System in 1810-1820 inks the Midwest to the East instead of the South, becoming a problem for the South in the Civil War. (12.03.00) = Great Plains Settlements. Conflicts of land use between farmers and cattle ranchers. Invention of barbed wire setting boundaries and the series of range wars. (13.35.00) = Midwest seen as the heartland of the county. Jefferson sees the farmer as pristine, legendary. Lincoln's connections to the farm and his rags-to-riches mythology. (18.13.00) = The Civil War benefits farmers who supply the Army unless they are caught up in the fighting and the killing. Prosperity continues a few years after the war until the army is demobilized in 1869. Farm prices drop in the 1870s and normally conservative farmers begin organized resistance, sometimes violent. (24.39.00) = The Grangers organized to help counter the social isolation of farm life, also politically organize against the railroads. Once favored by farmers by opening national and international markets, the unregulated railroads are now seen as abusive and hurting poor farmers. (31.44.00) = The Populist Party. The Democrats and Republicans are dominated by the industrial giants so the farmers create the Populist Party in 1890. Its platform presses for numerous reforms. Part of the movement is hostility to the hard money policies of the Northeast and an accepted a level of anti-Semitism (39.48.00) = The Election of 1892. The "Cross of Gold" speech by William Jennings Bryan. The victory of the Republican, William McKinley, decided by Midwest farmers whose situation was improving, results in the Populist Party falling apart. (45.07.00) = The Role of Cities for Farmers. The urban need for farm products. Chicago, with its meatpacking, is the destination for cattle. The giants, Swift and Armor, divide the market. Expose of the meatpacking industry by Upton Sinclair in his book, "The Jungle." (50.48.00) = The 20th Century. The Progressive Era, 1900-1914. The emphasis is urban not rural as advocated by the Populist Party. Robert LaFollete makes Wisconsin a model of progressive reform. Reform is at the municipal level is seen in Cleveland and Toledo as well. (56.11.00) = The Auto. Henry Ford makes the auto affordable to the middle class, changing American life. Made in Detroit, it is a Midwest phenomenon. Although brutally anti-union, and virulently anti-Semitic, Ford is admired as a self-made man, self-financing a family business and paying high wages. Auto workers are immigrant labor and migrants from the countryside. (1.00.35.00) = Issues of Race. White and black migrants from the South to the North and Midwest cities are a threat to existing white workers by being used as scab labor and lowering the wage scale. Major race riots. (1.04.04.00) = Positive Images of the Midwest. Popular image sees the Northeast as more important. In reality the Midwest is at the heart of important cultural movements including the literature of Hemmingway and American jazz. The role of jealousy, pride, and stereotyping. The Midwest is more laid-back, hospitable than the Northeast. The Depression 30s. The Dust Bowl adds to the misery of the times. The Great Plains disaster of climate, too much clearing of root system, lack of rainfall, top soil blown away by dust storms. The Oakies and Arkies head west to California. (1.08.48.00) = Regressive Attitudes of the Midwest. It is xenophobic, anti-Semitic. Origins of the Cold War and Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin who in 1950 uses fear of Communism and fear of the unknown to enhance his own power. (1.13.02.00) = The Present. Farming is still in decline, changing from the family farm to agribusiness and mass production which the government favors. The personal tragedy that after generations of rugged individualism the family farmer is unable to get out of debt. (1.20.01.00) = The Future. A strong agricultural element is still in the region. The rust belt reflects the changes in industrialization. In the face of strong unions originating in the 1930s, factories are closing, moving to south of the border for lower labor costs and to avoid pollution laws, transforming farms and cities. The question of adaptation.
Eugene Lieber (Author), Eugene Lieber (Narrator)
Audiobook
Regions of the U.S. Series: West
The Early Settlers. Native Americans. The earliest migrants to the western hemisphere come from Asian Siberia across a land bridge eventually moving and settling throughout the Western Hemisphere (3.10.00) = In the West. The coastal tribes have a fishing culture. Inland are hunting and agricultural tribes, all adapting to the climate and lay of the land. Against the tendency to romanticize the life of the Indians, they are in reality complex humans, some peaceful, some warlike. Women are dominant in some tribes. There are economic connections between some tribes. Others are migratory. French influence spreads by fur trading. English influence is in Canada. (11.57.00) = The Spanish. The Spanish establish New Spain in Louisiana and migrate northward from Mexico, clash with Indian tribes already here. The power of the Spanish noble class. Spanish Catholicism and the conversion of Indian tribes. Spain makes major inroads from the 1500s to the 1700s. (18.17.00) = The 19th Century-1st Half. Transition. The Lewis and Clark expedition in 1803 and the Louisiana Purchase beyond to the Northwest are incentives for future Western migration. South America, Central America and Mexico are breaking away from harsh Spanish rule. Mexico includes the entire Southwest including California. (21.21.00) = The Slave-Holding South. King Cotton wears out the soil so the South needs more land, spreading slavery. Texas, a province of Mexico, is conducive to Southern crops. Mexico sanctions slavery and welcomes Southern whites as an aid to the development of this Mexican region. (24.04.00) = Texas Becomes Independent. In the 1830s the transplanted Southerners want Texas to be independent from Mexico. After their defeat at the Alamo the Texans win their war with Mexico and form an independent nation of Texas in 1836. (29.10.00) = Annexation of Texas. Under President James Polk Texas is annexed to the U.S. as a slave state. The North approves of the expansion but not the expansion of slavery. (30.57.00) = The Mexican War. Border disputes with Mexico continue, and President Polk declares war on Mexico after provoking a military incident. This is a dirty war which is opposed by Henry Clay and Abraham Lincoln for adding a slave state. The U.S. wins and acquires 1/3 of Mexico including California. The discovery of gold in California in 1849, the Gold Rush, and rapid population of California by small farmers looking for a better life, small business people, and later, blacks fleeing the South. (32.57.00) = Role of Legislation in the West. The 1820 Missouri Compromise creates the dividing line between the North and South for slavery. The Compromise of 1850. California enters as a free state, allows slavery in New Mexico and Arizona but not north of that. Slavery abolished in D.C. The Fugitive Slave Act is passed. (36.44.00) = The 19th Century-2nd Half. The Question of Slavery in the West region not yet states is the key issue. The Republican Party, formed in 1854, opposes expansion of slavery. Homestead farmers going west resist expansion of slavery. They do not want competition from the slave owners, and also for racist reasons. The Dred Scott Decision opens the entire West to slavery. The Kansas-Nebraska Act allows the people of the territories decide to be free or slave. (37.12.00) = The Civil War. The North wins. Slavery is abolished by the 13th Amendment. (37.40.00) = The trek West. Wagon trains, routes laid out. Indian attacks now rare, more likely white outlaws blaming Indians. The most danger is now from disease, especially cholera. Some Indians are helpful, challenging the mythology of the hostility of Indians. The world of nature is hospitable for Indians. Settlers see nature to be used, made into a commodity for extractable industries of oil and mining. (45.44.00) = The Rise of Unions. Mining is the key industry in the Rocky Mountain states, with immigrants from from the East, Far East, and Canada the main labor force. Improved technology, drills versus picks, increases danger. Miners respond with violence. Their attempts to organize unions in the early 20th century is met with violence. (50.01.00) = Role of the Railroads. The western edge of the railroads are built by Chinese laborers who are a despised minority and suffer extreme exploitation. The railroads are initially welcomed by the farmers in the late 19th century. They are granted free land by the federal government, as much as 7-10% of the U.S. land mass, to benefit the national economy, but exploit this to the disadvantage of the small farmers. There is monumental corruption by the merchants. (58.00.00) = Land Use and Violence. The millions of bison in the Great Plains are systematically destroyed. The rise of the cattle ranchers, their need for water, the clash over water rights and land use with farmers. (1.04.50.00) = The Folklore of Violence. The Eastern public romanticizes the history of violence in the West, treating outlaws in the post-Civil War era as folklore. There is racial violence against Chinese laborers, personal violence in the absence of strong public authority. Violence against strikers. In Ludlow, Colorado, strikers are fired upon by vigilantes hired by John D. Rockefeller, resulting in a massacre. (1.08.00) = Women in the West. National suffrage does not come until the 1920s but in the Rocky Mountain states women get the right to vote in state and local elections. (1.11.44.00) = Regional Upheavals. Farmers clash with railroad magnets. Nature is seen as an extractable quantity. Preservation of national parks versus harvesting of valuable timber? Preservation of Yosemite or flooded over by water interests for reservoir? The Colorado River is tapped by various business interest leaving finally just a trickle. (1.12.22.00) = Enforcement of Legislation. The Timber Act prohibits wanton cutting of forests, but owners find ways around it, and smaller loggers are pushed out. The uses and misuses of water continues as an issue today. (1.18.22.00) = The Populist Movement. Movement arises from the Farmers Alliances in 1890s. The farmers thrive during the Civil War, but after demobilization produce sales are reduced. Mining states find silver, call for "free silver," for silver to be combined with gold in currency in a ratio of 15 to 1. Farmers face an increasing urbanized society. Race in the Far West. The Chinese and Mexican-Americans. They are the original settlers, but become virtual slaves in the South as sharecroppers. (1.22.00) = The Japanese. influx to the far West brings capitalist mentality, are successful farmers and business people. There is much hostility against them. The San Francisco Board of Education's attempt to segregate Japanese students is protested by the Japanese government. President Theodore Roosevelt shares this racism but respects Japan's emergence as a world power and treats the case with more care, causing the Board of Education to back off. (3.50.00) = The American Indians. Continually pushed westward. The Indians Wars after the Civil War attempt to finish them off. The Wounded Knee massacre. The issue of co-existing or fighting back. The fate of the Western Indians is put in the hands of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and suffer its corruption. The attempt of missionaries to Americanize the Indians. In the 20th century Indians encounter enormous prejudice against them. (12.35.00) = The Role of the KKK. National revival of the KKK in the 1920s, they are also powerful in the West, directing racism against blacks, labor, Indians, Catholics, Jews. They see themselves as moral arbiters of the country. (13.49.00) = The 20th Century-1st Half. Great Economic Leaps. Oil and timber industries thrive. The San Joaquin Valley becomes the breadbasket of the West. (14.28.00) = The 1930s Great Depression hits the West hard. Unemployment is high and workers lose their role as consumers. New Deal legislation affects the West but with mixed results. Public projects include Boulder Dam, Hoover Dam, Grand Coolie Dam which provide electricity and employment. The WPA creates everyday kinds of jobs, and the CCC employs teenagers to work in national forests, addressing the psychological aspect of self worth following work. (17.53.00) = Small Farmers & the Depression. Small farmers suffer from 1921 when they lose the Army market following demobilization after World War I ends, and because of increased foreign competition. The Great Depression makes their plight worse. There is further tragedy in the Great Plain States when drought combines with erosion from over-farming to create dust storms which blow away top soil. Farmers are forced to leave, become displaced to California along with blue collar workers, business people. The New Deal aid. They suffer from 1921 when they lose the Army market following demobilization after World War I ends, and because of increased foreign competition. The Great Depression makes their plight worse. There is further tragedy in the Great Plain States when drought combines with erosion from over-farming to create dust storms which blow away top soil. Farmers are forced to leave, become displaced to California along with blue collar workers, business people. . (24.50.00) = World War II Ends the Depression. Agriculture booms, industries needed for war greatly expand. The dark side is the internment of Japanese-Americans who are forcefully displaced from their homes, farms, and businesses by the government who knows at that time they are not a national security threat. Motivation is economic at times and the element of prejudice. (28.36.00) = The 20th Century-2nd Half. The Cold War. The wartime boom continues with the beginning of the Cold War. Farming evolves into large scale corporation farms as agribusiness requiring cheap labor, sounding the death knell of the old time family farm. The Oakies are now in military industries. Instead the Chicanos and Mexicans are the low cost labor force working under degrading conditions. The United Farm Workers union under Caesar Chavez tries to relieve the worst conditions. (32.32.00) = Organized Labor. Dave Beck is head of the Teamsters which us somewhat corrupt. Harry Bridges the Longshoremen's effective leader in the West, is sympathetic to the Communist Party, is incorruptible. Clashes between Bridge's and Beck's unions. Cold War hysteria against Bridges (35.30.00) = The American Indians. Problems continue with Reservation life even after development of casinos whose profits are not shared or exploited by outsiders. In the 1960s the American Indian Movement attempts to revive and understand its remarkable history going back centuries. There is the belief that to deny a people's history is to control them (38.27.00) = Migration. In the 1950s migration to the West and Northwest heightens. California becomes the most populated state, with more political clout because of its electoral vote. (39.31.00) = The New Right. The far right emerges in the West with Barry Goldwater and Ronald Reagan, with anti-government attitude, argues that government should not interfere in business but should in personal behavior and morals. Retirees move to Oregon. The Pacific rim is now a crucial economic factor for the world. (42.41.00) = The Myth of the West. is deeply ingrained in the U.S. The cowboy image is a selective image, the John Wayne myth. One quarter to one third of cowboys are African-Americans. The mythology is extended by Hollywood, literature, detective stories, which use a Los Angeles or San Francisco theme. Politically, economically, and racially, the West is a crucial part of our history and future. (45.15.00) = African-Americans. They are ghettoized in Oakland, California. The civil rights movement of the 1960s and the rise of the Black Panther Party of black militants. The Watts riots in the 1960s are caused by rising expectations of LBJ's Great Society thwarted by the Vietnam War. (50.48.00) = The Mormons. They are despised as religious outsiders practicing polygamy and as an entity to themselves not loyal to the U.S. Under the leadership of Brigham Young they settle in Utah by the Great Salt Lake. Mormons come to dominate the area after Utah becomes a state.
Eugene Lieber (Author), Eugene Lieber (Narrator)
Audiobook
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